Risk factors in atherosclerosis

i)  MAJOR RISK FACTORS MODIFIABLE BY LIFESTYLE.

1. Dyslipidaemia (High LDL, low HDL cholesterol).

2. Hypertension.

3. Diabetes mellitus.

4. Smoking.

5. Lifestyle risk factors (atherogenic diet, obesity, physical inactivity).

 ii) CONSTITUTIONAL NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS.

1. Age. 

2. Sex.

3. Genetic factors.

4. Familial and racial factors.

III)  NON-TRADITIONAL EMERGING RISK FACTORS.

1 Environmental influences.

2. Oestrogen hormone.

3. Stressful behavioural pattern.

4. Hyperhomocysteinaemia.

5. Homocystinuria.

6. Prothrombotic factors 7.

8. Excessive alcohol consumption.

9. Biomarkers for risk assessment.