Raynaud phenomenon:-
Raynaud-phenomenon results from vasoconstriction of arteries and arterioles in the extremities, particularly the fingers
and toes, but also sometimes the nose, earlobes, or lips. The restricted blood flow induces paroxysmal pallor or cyanosis;- involved digits characteristically show “red-white-and blue” color changes from most proximal to most distal, reflecting proximal vasodilation, central vasoconstriction, and more distal cyanosis, respectively.
Raynaud phenomenon can be a primary entity or may be secondary to other disorders.
Primary Raynaud Phenomenon:-
Primary Raynaud Phenomenon (previously called Raynaud disease) is caused by exaggerated central and local vasomotor responses to cold or emotion; it affects 3% to 5% of the general population and has a predilection for young women. Structural changes in the arterial walls are absent except late in the course, when intimal thickening may appear. The course usually is benign, but in chronic cases, atrophy of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and muscles may occur.
Ulceration and ischemic gangrene are rare.
Secondary Raynaud Phenomenon:-
Secondary Raynaud phenomenon refers to vascular insufficiency due to arterial disease caused by other entities including systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Buerger disease, or even atherosclerosis. Indeed, since Raynaud phenomenon may be the first manifestation of such conditions, every patient with Raynaud phenomenon should be evaluated for these secondary causes.
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